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Ligament (bivalve)
A hinge ligament is a crucial part of the anatomical structure of a bivalve shell, i.e. the shell of a bivalve mollusk. The shell of a bivalve has two valves and these are joined together by the ligament at the dorsal edge of the shell. The ligament is made of a strong, flexible and elastic, fibrous, proteinaceous material which is usually pale brown, dark brown or black in color.
In life, the shell needs to be able to open a little (to allow the foot and siphons to protrude) and then close again. As well as connecting the two bivalve shells together at the hinge line, the ligament also functions as a spring which automatically opens the valves when the adductor muscle or muscles (that close the valves) relax.
==Composition==
The ligament is an uncalcified elastic structure comprised in its most minimal state of two layers: a lamellar layer and a fibrous layer. The lamellar layer consists entirely of organic material (a protein and collagen matrix), is generally brown in color, and is elastic in response to both compressional and tensional stresses. The fibrous layer is made of aragonite fibers and organic material, is lighter in color and often iridescent, and is elastic only under compressional stress.〔''A Theoretical Morphologic Analysis of Bivalve Ligaments'', Takao Ubukata, Paleobiology Vol. 29, No. 3 (Summer, 2003), pp. 369-380〕 The protein responsible for the elasticity of the ligament is abductin, which has enormous elastic resiliency: this resiliency is what causes the valves of the bivalve mollusk to open when the adductor muscles relax.〔Steven Vogel (2003) ''Comparative Biomechanics: Life's Physical World.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press. 580 p. at p. 304〕
Ligaments that are simple morphologically have a central fibrous layer between the anterior and posterior lamellar layers. Repetitive ligaments are morphologically more complex, and display additional, repeated layers.〔''Morphology and postlarval development of the ligament of Thracia phaseolina (Bivalvia: Thraciidae), with a discussion of model choice in allometric studies'', André F. Sartori1 and Alexander D. Ball, J. Mollus. Stud. (2009) 75(3):295-304〕 A recent study using scanning electron microscopy(SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), found that some bivalve mollusks have a third type of fibrous layer in the ligament (located in the middle) which has a unique spring-like protein fiber (ca. 120 nm in diameter) structure, stretching continuously from the left to right valve.〔''A new structural model of bivalve ligament from Solen grandis.'' Zengqiong H, Gangsheng Z., Micron. 2011 Oct; 42(7):706-11〕
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